indian polity

Immigration and Foreigners Bill 2025 and its Key Provisions

Context: Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025, recently notified by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Key Highlights of the Immigration and Foreigners (Exemption) Order, 2025 Exemption from Passport/Visa Requirements Indian Armed Forces personnel → when on duty. Citizens of...

Appointment of High Court Judges and Chief Justice, Procedure and Articles

Context: The SC Collegium recommended a new Chief Justice for 5 High Courts: Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gauhati, Patna, and Jharkhand. Appointment of High Court Judges Article 217: Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by...

Rajya Sabha Members, Composition, Chairman and Special Powers

Context: Four Rajya Sabha seats from Jammu & Kashmir have been vacant since Feb 2021, when the UT was under President’s Rule. The Election Commission (EC) suggested to the Law Ministry that when elections are held, the President could stagger...

Salwa Judum Judgement Case 2011, Background, Court Directions

Context: Former judges and senior lawyers criticised the Union Home Minister for wrongly claiming that Justice B. Sudershan Reddy’s 2011 Salwa Judum verdict prevented the end of Naxalism by 2020. Salwa Judum Case (2011) Background In the 2000s, Chhattisgarh became...

Online Gaming Bill 2025, Background, Key Features and Provisions

Context: The New Online Gaming Act, 2025, was passed to regulate e-sports, social gaming, and real-money games, while banning misleading ads and unauthorised betting. The Indian Parliament has passed the Online Gaming Bill, 2025, also known as the Promotion and...

130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, Key Provisions and Significance

Context: Union Home Minister Amit Shah tabled 3 bills that will allow the removal of the PM, CMs, Union and State Ministers facing serious criminal charges. The expectation of moral integrity within the political class has consistently posed a contradictory...

Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)

Context: The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has imposed a ₹10 lakh fine on ride-hailing platform Rapido for running misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices, and has directed the company to refund affected customers. Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) Central...

Judicial Backlog in India, Challenges and Potential Solutions

Context: Between Nov 2024 – May 2025, the Supreme Court reduced pendency by 4.83%, achieving a Case Clearance Ratio (CCR) of 106.6%.  India's judicial system faces a significant challenge due to an enormous backlog of cases. This issue affects all...

National Commission on Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR)

Context: The Supreme Court dismissed a plea by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) challenging a 2022 Punjab and Haryana High Court ruling that allowed marriage of girls aged 15 and above under Muslim personal law, despite...

Who decides Nominations to Union Territory Assemblies?

Context: Debate on nominations to Union Territory (UT) Assemblies revived after the Union Home Ministry’s affidavit in the J&K and Ladakh High Court. The affidavit stated that the Lieutenant Governor (LG) of J&K can nominate 5 members to the Assembly...