indian society

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are characterised by primitive traits, geographical isolation, low literacy levels, stagnant or declining population growth, and a reliance on hunting and pre-agricultural technology. Among the STs, there are certain groups...

Geo-tagging of Buildings During Upcoming Census

Context: India’s next Census will geo-tag all buildings across India as part of the exercise for the first time. It will be the first digital Census, with options for self-enumeration and caste-wise counting after 1931. What is Geo-tagging? Geo-tagging is...

Gender Gap in Educational Expenditure in India

Context: In recent times, India has improved female enrolment in schools (girls = 48% of the school population; higher education GER slightly higher for women than men). However, a hidden gender gap persists in family spending on children’s education. Key...

Reservation and 50% Cap: Constitutional Provisions and Judicial Pronouncements

Context: The Leader of Opposition in Bihar, has announced that if his alliance comes to power, they would raise the reservation quota to 85%. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court has issued a notice to the Union government on a petition seeking...

Minority Status in India, Eligibility Criteria and Conditions

Context: The Supreme Court (SC) has raised doubts about its 2014 judgment in Pramati Educational and Cultural Trust v. Union of India. Legal Basis for Minority Status in India Article 30(1) of the Indian Constitution: Guarantees "all minorities, whether based...

National Annual Report and Index on Women’s Safety (NARI-2025)

Context: National Annual Report & Index on Women’s Safety (NARI) 2025 was recently released by the National Commission for Women. Key Highlights of National Annual Report and Index on Women’s Safety (NARI-2025) National safety score: 65% (cities ranked as “much...

Dowry in India, Reasons, Factors, Impacts and Challenges

Context: Recent cases like the alleged dowry-related death of Nikki Bhati in Uttar Pradesh (2025) highlight how the age-old practice of dowry continues to endanger women despite decades of legal prohibition. About Dowry Dowry, the practice of demanding money, property,...

Elderly Women’s Health in India and Related Challenges

Context: According to the India Ageing Report 2023 (IIPS & UNFPA), people aged 60 years and above will constitute over 20% of the population by 2050. Women, on average, live 2.7 years longer than men. Yet, elderly women’s health issues...

Women Workforce Participation in India, Government Initiatives and Significance

Context: India has seen a significant rise in female workforce participation, as highlighted by Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data. Women Workforce Participation in India: Current Status (PLFS Data) Workforce Participation Rate (WPR): Women’s WPR rose from 22% in 2017-18...

Kerala India’s First Fully Digitally Literate State

Context: Kerala has been declared India’s first fully digitally literate state after the successful completion of the Digi Kerala project. Criteria for declaring Kerala as India’s first Fully Digitally Literate State Survey Coverage – 1.5 crore people from 83.46 lakh...