GS Paper 2

9/11 Attacks in USA, Location, Timeline and Impact on World

The 9/11 attacks in the USA remain one of the most defining moments in modern history. On September 11, 2001, the United States faced the deadliest terrorist attack on its soil, carried out by the extremist group al-Qaeda. Nearly 3,000...

List of Vice Presidents of India 1952-2025, Powers and Functions

The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country after the President. Since the adoption of the Constitution in 1950, India has had several distinguished leaders serve in this role. The Vice President is not only...

Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution: Members, Role, Final Draft & Key Highlights

he Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution was one of the most significant committees formed by the Constituent Assembly. It was constituted on 29th August 1947 with the primary responsibility of scrutinizing and preparing the draft of the Constitution. The...

Consolidated Fund of India, Meaning and Expenditure Formation

The Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) is the most important and largest government fund in India, from which most government expenditures are met. It serves as the principal account of the Government of India and reflects the nation's financial health....

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Meaning, Articles, Features, Importance

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are an essential feature of the Indian Constitution aimed at establishing a welfare state. Enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Constitution, these principles provide guidelines to the State for...

President’s Rule in India, Article 356, Grounds of Declaration

Context: A group of 10 MLAs from the Manipur Assembly recently met with the State Governor to urge the formation of a stable government. Manipur has been under President’s Rule since February 2025. What is President’s Rule? Any state that...

Article 21 of Indian Constitution, Right to Life and Liberty

Context: In a recent judgement, the Supreme Court of India has said that Digital access is an intrinsic part of the Right to Life and Liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Article 21 of Indian Constitution Justice P. Bhagwati...

Right To Information Act, Objective, Features and Key Sections

Context: Recent amendments in the RTI Act via the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, have raised concerns over potential dilution of transparency by restricting access to certain personal information. The Right to Information (RTI) Act ensures everyone the...

Indian Councils Act 1861, History, Provision, Significance and Drawbacks

The Indian Councils Act 1861 was an important change in the system of governance in British India, setting the stage for constitutional reforms in the future. Passed on August 1, 1861, this act reconstituted the Governor General's Council and provided...

Ambedkar Jayanti 2025: Biography, Legacy, Contribution

Ambedkar Jayanti 2025 will be observed on April 14 all over India and in many places worldwide. It is the 134th birth anniversary of Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly called Babasaheb Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution. Also known...