GS Paper 2

Consolidated Fund of India, Meaning and Expenditure Formation

The Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) is the most important and largest government fund in India, from which most government expenditures are met. It serves as the principal account of the Government of India and reflects the nation's financial health....

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Meaning, Articles, Features, Importance

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are an essential feature of the Indian Constitution aimed at establishing a welfare state. Enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Constitution, these principles provide guidelines to the State for...

President’s Rule in India, Article 356, Grounds of Declaration

Context: A group of 10 MLAs from the Manipur Assembly recently met with the State Governor to urge the formation of a stable government. Manipur has been under President’s Rule since February 2025. What is President’s Rule? Any state that...

List of Prime Ministers of India 1947 to 2025, Current PM of India

List of Prime Ministers of India 1947 to 2025: As the world's largest democracy, India has a rich and complex political history since its independence in 1947. A key part of this journey has been the Prime Minister, who has...

Article 21 of Indian Constitution, Right to Life and Liberty

Context: In a recent judgement, the Supreme Court of India has said that Digital access is an intrinsic part of the Right to Life and Liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. Article 21 of Indian Constitution Justice P. Bhagwati...

Right To Information Act, Objective, Features and Key Sections

Context: Recent amendments in the RTI Act via the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, have raised concerns over potential dilution of transparency by restricting access to certain personal information. The Right to Information (RTI) Act ensures everyone the...

Indian Councils Act 1861, History, Provision, Significance and Drawbacks

The Indian Councils Act 1861 was an important change in the system of governance in British India, setting the stage for constitutional reforms in the future. Passed on August 1, 1861, this act reconstituted the Governor General's Council and provided...

Ambedkar Jayanti 2025: Biography, Legacy, Contribution

Ambedkar Jayanti 2025 will be observed on April 14 all over India and in many places worldwide. It is the 134th birth anniversary of Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly called Babasaheb Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution. Also known...

Charter Act of 1853, History, Objective, Feature and Provision

The Charter Act of 1853 was an important legislative reform enacted by the British Parliament, which profoundly influenced the administration of British India. It was the final Charter Act relating to the East India Company and brought in progressive changes in the administration. The act formed the basis of the modern Indian legislative system and marked the start of the end of the Company's rule. Here in this article, we will discuss the History, Objectives, Features, and Provisions of...

Collegium System, Meaning, Appointment, Evolution and Criticism

The Collegium System is a unique mechanism for appointing and transferring judges in India. It is a system where the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and the four senior judges of the Supreme Court decide on judicial appointments and transfers....