Per Capita Income of India, State-wise Data, Calculation Methods

Per Capita Income of India 

Per Capita Income of India is a measure of the average income earned by an individual in India within a period of one year. The Per Capita Income of India is calculated by dividing the National Income of India by its total population. Per Capita Income of India is an important measure of its development. It is an indicator of the standard of living in the country. Per Capita Income of India forms the basis of policymaking in various sectors of the economy. 

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Per Capita Income of India History 

India has historically been a prosperous land, having dominance in world trade. However, dominating position of India drastically changed during colonial times. The advent of the Britishers and the establishment of their rule, especially after the Battle of Plassey, made India into a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of finished products. British Policy of Economic Imperialism led to heavy duty on exports of finished products of India. At the same time, British-made goods flooded the Indian market as they were much cheaper than locally-made goods. This was due to mechanized production and Industrial Revolution in Britain. Indian Intelligentsia was quick to notice this process which was pushing India towards economic backwardness. 

The first attempt by an Indian to measure the Per Capita Income of India was made by Dadabhai Naoroji. He wrote a detailed critique of the economic exploitation of India by Britisher in his book titled “Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India”. In this book, he gave “drain of wealth theory” which described how Indian wealth was being drained out. According to his calculations, the per capita income of India in 1867-68 was Rs. 20.

Other prominent Indian economists to calculate the per capita income of India during the pre-independence time included VKRV Rao, R. C. Dutt and William Digby. However, these early economists had their limitations with respect to the collection of data, access to accurate data etc. Hence, their calculations were crude and their methodology less refined. 

Even before independence, institutes like Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta were set up, but they were working under the British setup. After independence, the quality of data collection, and the number of institutions involved in the process increased. Calculation of the Per Capita Income of India became an annual exercise. These figures became an indispensable part of the Economic Survey and the annual Union Budget. 

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Per Capita Income of India Calculation Method

Per Capita Income is determined by dividing National Income by the total population of India. The National Income of India is sum total of the monetary value of goods and services that are produced in India within a period of one year. National Income is determined by three methods, which include: 

• Product Method: In this method, National Income is calculated by taking the monetary value of all goods and services produced by the three sectors of the economy which include the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. 
• Income Method: In this method, National Income is calculated by taking the sum total of income generated by all Individuals and Companies before they are taxed. 
• Expenditure Method: In this method, National Income is calculated using the formula C + I+ G (X – M) where C is consumer spending, I is investments, G is government spending, M is imports and X is exports. 

The calculation of Per Capita Income in India is done by Central Statistical Organization. Other Institutions like RBI also publish their estimates. International organizations like International Monetary Fund and World Bank also publish these data periodically for most countries of the world. 

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Per Capita Income of India Previous Years Data

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Per Capita Income of India States-wise List

India is a vast and diverse country with differences in the level of regional development. Some regions of India like west coastal states are relatively more developed than the eastern and north-eastern states of India. This is an outcome of the interplay of a number of physical and human factors. Physical factors include terrain, and topography which makes eastern India either hilly and rocky or flood-prone which makes them less accessible. Human factors include corruption, security-related challenges, outmigration of labours etc. This regional inequality is reflected in the per capita income of different states.

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Per Capita Income of India Significance

Measurement of the Per Capita Income of India is important to gauge the level of development in India as a whole as well as within each of its states. Sector-wise calculations of Gross Domestic Product help the government and policymakers to demarcate areas where India or any of its states has a comparative advantage and areas where it is lagging behind. 

For the private sector, Per Capita Income is a good indicator of the investment potential of a region. It is reflective of the spending capacity of the population. Thus, one can say that regions with higher Per Capita Income exerts higher centripetal forces on capital and human resources. 

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Per Capita Income of India Shortcomings  

Per Capita Income as a measure of development is often criticized because it is a central tendency measure. It fails to capture the inequality prevalent within a region. For example, although Goa has the highest Per Capita Income among the states in India, there are variations in the Per Capita Income of North Goa and South Goa.

Per Capita Income as a measure of development is less comprehensive as it fails to capture important aspects of development like health, education, and women empowerment in a direct manner. Thus, a country or a region can have a high Per Capita Income, yet Human Development may be low there. This can be observed in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia. 

Per Capita Income as a development indicator is often criticized by environmentalists as it promotes unrestricted exploitation of resources even at the expense of the environment. It fails to promote sustainable development. 

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Per Capita Income of India UPSC 

Per Capita Income of India is a measure of the average income earned by an individual in India within a period of one year. Measurement of the Per Capita Income of India is important to gauge the level of development in India as a whole as well as within each of its states. Per Capita Income is determined by dividing National Income by the total population of India. The National Income of India is sum total of the monetary value of goods and services that are produced in India within a period of one year. The calculation of Per Capita Income in India is done by Central Statistical Organization. Other Institutions like RBI also publish their estimates.

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