punjab pcs

Drainage of Punjab and Seasonal Rivers of Punjab

Currently, the rivers Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi are the only three rivers flowing through the Indian state of Punjab. Notably, significant sections of the Ravi and Sutlej rivers serve as the international boundary between India and Pakistan. The other two...

Introduction of Punjab’s Medieval History

Medieval History of Punjab During the medieval period, Punjab was predominantly under Muslim rule, witnessing a succession of dynasties that shaped its political and cultural landscape. The Ghaznavids were the first to establish their dominance, followed by the Ghurids, the...

Geographical History of Punjab

Punjab is a state in northern India, located in the northwestern region of the subcontinent. It extends from the latitudes 29.30° North to 32.32° North and longitudes 73.55° East to 76.50° East. The state of Punjab is bordered by Jammu...

Physiography of Punjab, Landforms and Classification

Located between the Yamuna River to the east and the Indus River to the west (even extending beyond the Indus), Punjab is a vast alluvial plain bordered by a rugged foothill region and the Shivalik Hills in the northeast and...

Dynasties of Ancient Punjab

Achaemenid Persian Empire The Mahajanapadas did not face any invasions from Northeast or South India. The smaller principalities in the Northeast were gradually merging into Magadha. However, the Northwestern Mahajanapadas of Gandhara and Kamboja were fighting, creating political instability in...

Arrival of Aryans and Vedic Period in Punjab

Arrival of Aryans and Vedic Period By 1500 BC, the Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent. Coming from central Asia, this large group of nomadic cattle herders crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains and came in contact with the Indus Valley...

Indus Valley Civilization in Punjab

Indus Valley Civilization Though Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) began around 3300 BC, it is believed to have flourished in 2500 BC, which is often called the age of matured IVC. Thus, 3300-2500 BC forms the early IVC. The IVC (also...

Prehistory and Protohistory of Punjab

Prehistory and Protohistory of Punjab Prehistory Period: The Prehistoric Period is the period when human life and its activities had no documented records. It roughly dates from 2 Million years ago to 4,000 BC.  This period is characterized by rudimentary...