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The Hindu Newspaper Analysis 15 October 2022

The Hindu Newspaper Analysis for UPSC

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

The Hindu Newspaper Analysis 15 October 2022

  • Globally, food and nutrition security continue to be undermined by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, spiralling food inflation, conflict, and inequality.
  • The Hunger Hotspots Outlook (2022-23) тАФ a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) тАФ forebodes escalating hunger, as over 205 million people across 45 countries will need emergency food assistance to survive.
  • This yearтАЩs World Food Day (October 16) has been a reminder to ensure that the most vulnerable people within our communities have easy access to safe and nutritious food. The promise to end hunger by 2030 is possible only through collective and transformational action to strengthen agri-food systems; better production, better nutrition, a better environment, and a better life.
  • India has had an inspiring journey towards better production and achieving self-sufficiency and is now one of the largest agricultural product exporters.

The Hindu Editorial Today

  • By 2030, IndiaтАЩs population is expected to rise to 1.5 billion.
  • One of IndiaтАЩs greatest contributions to equity in food is its National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 which anchors the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), the PM POSHAN scheme (earlier known as the Mid-Day Meals scheme), and the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
  • An International Monetary Fund paper titled тАШPandemic, Poverty, and Inequality: Evidence from IndiaтАЩ asserted that тАШextreme poverty was maintained below 1% in 2020 due to the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY).
  • National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA):┬аIt marks a paradigm shift in the approach to food security┬аfrom welfare to rights based approach.
    • NFSA┬аcovers┬а75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population under:
    • The┬аeldest woman of the household of age 18 years┬аor above is┬аmandated to be the head of the household┬аfor the purpose of issuing ration cards.
    • In addition, the act lays down special┬аprovisions for children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years old, which allows them to receive a nutritious meal for free through a widespread network of┬аIntegrated Child Development Services (ICDS)┬аcentres, known as┬аAnganwadi Centres.

Read About:┬а List of Chief Justice of India

Inner party democracy
Inner party democracy
  • тАШInner party democracyтАЩ is a favourite buzzword for Indian political commentators. Since 2019, there have been 27 articles in mainstream English media publications delivering sermons to the Congress about тАШinternal democracyтАЩ.
  • If inner party democracy was such a magic pill, why is it that no political party in India has embarked on it for so long?
  • Translating grandiose ideas such as inner party democracy into action requires institutional capabilities, just as the Election Commission (EC) has to keep India a democratic republic.
Old Pension Scheme
Old Pension Scheme
  • After Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh, Punjab is the latest State that has announced its plan to revert to the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).
  • The OPS is an assured inflation-indexed monthly family pension till you (and your spouse) live(s).
  • The OPS level is linked to the last pay you drew. The NPS is a corpus from which you can draw a pension after retirement. Its value is determined by the market prices in which the corpus is invested.
  • the OPS is a fixed government expenditure irrespective of an economic slowdown or a stock market crash, which makes it a good counter-cyclical policy measure during a crisis.

What is the Defined Pension Benefit Scheme (old)?

  • The scheme assures life-long income, post-retirement.
  • Usually the assured amount is equivalent to 50% of the last drawn salary.
  • The Government bears the expenditure incurred on the pension.
  • The scheme was discontinued in 2004.

What is the National Pension System (NPS)?

  • The Union government under PM Vajpayee took a decision in 2003 to discontinue the old pension scheme and introduced the NPS.
  • The scheme is applicable to all new recruits joining the Central Government service (except armed forces) from April 1, 2004.
  • On the introduction of NPS, the Central Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 1972 was amended.

National Pension System (NPS)

  • About:
    • It is being administered and regulated by┬аPension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)┬аset up under┬аPFRDA Act, 2013.
    • It is a┬аvoluntary retirement savings scheme┬аlaid out to allow the subscribers to make defined contributions towards planned savings thereby securing the future in the form of Pension.
    • Under NPS, a unique┬аPermanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN)┬аis generated and maintained by the┬аCentral Recordkeeping Agency (CRA)┬аfor individual subscribers.
    • It is an attempt towards a sustainable solution to the problem of providing adequate retirement income to every citizen of India.
  • Eligibility for opening NPS account:
    • A citizen of India, whether resident or non-resident, subject to the following conditions:
      • Applicants should be between 18 тАУ 70 years of age as on the date of submission of his/her application and should comply with KYC norms prescribed.
Chinese troops in Sri Lanka
Chinese troops in Sri Lanka
  • Tamil Nadu has flagged serious security concerns over the increased presence of the PeopleтАЩs Liberation Army (PLA) of China in Sri Lanka.
  • An alert issued by the StateтАЩs intelligence agency a few days ago said the activities of the Chinese in the neighbouring country is a concern to national security and called for intensified vigil along the coastline.
  • The free movement of Chinese nationals in many parts of northern Sri Lanka, including Mullaitivu, Paruthitheevu, Analaitheevu, and Meesalai had triggered discontentment among Tamil fishermen.
IndiaтАЩs coal mines
IndiaтАЩs coal mines
  • On average, IndiaтАЩs coal mines use only two-thirds of the capacity, with some large ones using only 1%, says an analysis by Global Energy Monitor (GEM), a firm that tracks utilisation of the fuel-source internationally.
  • This suggests that 99 of IndiaтАЩs coal mine projects, expected to yield 427 million tonnes per annum (MTPA), under development are unnecessary, and opening new coal mines would not contribute to easing short-term supply-crunches.
  • On the heels of Prime Minister Narendra ModiтАЩs announcement of a net zero target of 2070, these new mines тАЬ… increase IndiaтАЩs likelihood of stranded assets, delay a clean energy future тАФ and in the process pose irreversible impacts on IndiaтАЩs rural communities and environments for the sake of economically precarious mining venturesтАЭ, the report underlines.
  • India is the second-largest importer of coal after China.
  • Top 5 States in terms of total coal reserves in India are: Jharkhand > Odisha > Chhattisgarh > West Bengal > Madhya Pradesh.

On the basis of carbon content it can be classified into following three types:

  • Anthracite:┬аIt is the best quality of coal with┬аhighest calorific value┬аand carries┬а80 to 95% carbon content. It ignites slowly with a blue flame and found in small quantities in Jammu and Kashmir.
  • Bituminous:┬аIt has a low level of moisture content with┬а60 to 80% of carbon content┬аand has a high calorific value.┬аJharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh┬аand┬аMadhya Pradesh┬аhave deposits of Bituminous.
  • Lignite┬аcarries┬а40 to 55% carbon content┬аand is often brown in colour with high moisture content thus, gives smoke when burnt.┬аRajasthan, Lakhimpur (Assam)┬аand┬аTamil Nadu┬аhas deposits of Lignite.
  • Peat┬аis the first stage of transformation from wood to coal with┬аlow calorific value and less than 40% carbon content.
Global Hunger Index (GHI)
Global Hunger Index (GHI)
  • The Ministry of Women and Child Development on Saturday rejected the Global Hunger Index (GHI) that ranked India 107 among 121 countries.
  • As per the Ministry, the report lowers IndiaтАЩs rank based on the estimates of the Proportion of Undernourished (PoU) population.
  • It elaborates that the U.S. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) estimate is based on the тАШFood Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)тАЩ survey module that bears a sample size of 3,000 respondents.
  • Authors of the report primarily refer to the United NationsтАЩ Sustainable Development Goal 2 (SDG 2) that endeavours to achieve тАШZero HungerтАЩ by 2030.
  • The GHI score is computed using four broad indicators тАФ undernourishment (measure of the proportion of the population facing chronic deficiency of dietary energy intake), child stunting (low height for age), child wasting (low weight for height) and child mortality (death of a child under the age of five).

Q) With reference to the electoral bonds, consider the following statements:

  1. Buyers can donate the bonds to a party of their choice and the bonds have to be cashed by the party through its verified account within 10 days.
  2. Bank of Baroda is the only bank authorised to sell electoral bonds.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

рдЪреБрдирд╛рд╡реА рдмрд╛рдВрдб рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ, рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдХрдердиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░реЗрдВ:

  1. рдЦрд░реАрджрд╛рд░ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдкрд╕рдВрдж рдХреА рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдмрд╛рдВрдб рджрд╛рди рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдВрдб рдХреЛ 10 рджрд┐рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рднреАрддрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛рдкрд┐рдд рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЯреА рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рднреБрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
  2. рдмреИрдВрдХ рдСрдл рдмрдбрд╝реМрджрд╛ рдЗрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯреЛрд░рд▓ рдмреЙрдиреНрдб рдмреЗрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдзрд┐рдХреГрдд рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдмреИрдВрдХ рд╣реИред

рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреМрди рд╕рд╛/рд╕реЗ рдХрдерди рд╕рд╣реА рд╣реИ/рд╣реИрдВ?

  1. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 1
  2. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 2
  3. рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ 1 рдФрд░ 2
  4. рди рддреЛ 1 рдФрд░ рди рд╣реА 2

Explanation :

  • The electoral bonds system was introduced in 2017 by way of a money bill introducing amendments in the Finance Act and the Representation of People Act.
  • It was┬аimplemented in 2018.
  • The electoral bonds are issued in multiples of Rs 1,000, Rs 10,000, Rs 1 lakh, Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore.
  • State Bank of India┬аis the only bank authorised to sell electoral bonds.
  • Buyers can donate the bonds to a party of their choice and the bonds┬аhave to be cashed by the party through its verified account within┬а15 days.
  • No payment shall be made to any political party if the electoral bond is deposited after expiry of the validity period of 15 days.
  • Eligible political parties are allotted a verified account by the Election Commission of India (ECI) and the electoral bond transactions can be made only through this account.
  • Buyers┬аof the bonds┬аhave to submit full KYC details┬аat the time of buying. However, the┬аbeneficiary political party is not required to reveal the identity of the entity┬аthat has given it the bonds.

Q) Global Hunger Index (GHI) is published by:

  1. World Bank
  2. World Economic Forum
  3. Amnesty International
  4. None of the above

рдЧреНрд▓реЛрдмрд▓ рд╣рдВрдЧрд░ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ (GHI) рдХрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ:

  1. рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдмреИрдВрдХ
  2. рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдордВрдЪ
  3. рдПрдордиреЗрд╕реНрдЯреА рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓
  4. рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рдирд╣реАрдВ

Explanation :

India has ranked 107 on the Global Hunger Index (GHI), 2022, out of 121 countries, lagging behind most south Asian countries.

  • The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool for comprehensively measuring and tracking hunger at global, regional, and national levels.
  • It is prepared jointly by┬аIrish aid agency Concern Worldwide┬аand┬аGerman organisation Welt Hunger Hilfe.
  • GHI scores are based on the values of four component indicators:
    • Undernourishment (share of the population with insufficient caloric intake),
    • child stunting (the share of children under age five who have low height for their age, reflecting chronic under-nutrition),
    • child wasting (acute under-nutrition in children under age five with low weight for their height),
    • child mortality (the mortality rate of children under the age of five).
  • The GHI score is┬аcalculated on a 100-point scale reflecting the severity of hunger, where zero is the best score (no hunger) and 100 is the worst.

Q) With reference to the Snow leopards, consider the following statements:

  1. Snow leopards are native to the alpine regions of Central Asia.
  2. It is listed as тАШcritically endangeredтАЩ on the IUCN red list of threatened species.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

рд╣рд┐рдо рддреЗрдВрджреБрдУрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдХрдердиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреАрдЬрд┐рдПрдГ

  1. рд╣рд┐рдо рддреЗрдВрджреБрдП рдордзреНрдп рдПрд╢рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓реНрдкрд╛рдЗрди рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдореВрд▓ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕реА рд╣реИрдВред
  2. рдЗрд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯрдЧреНрд░рд╕реНрдд рдкреНрд░рдЬрд╛рддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА IUCN рд▓рд╛рд▓ рд╕реВрдЪреА рдореЗрдВ ‘рдЧрдВрднреАрд░ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдХрдЯрдЧреНрд░рд╕реНрдд’ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕реВрдЪреАрдмрджреНрдз рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреМрди рд╕рд╛/рд╕реЗ рдХрдерди рд╕рд╣реА рд╣реИ/рд╣реИрдВ?

  1. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 1
  2. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 2
  3. рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ 1 рдФрд░ 2
  4. рди рддреЛ 1 рдФрд░ рди рд╣реА 2

Explanation :

Wildlife officials in Arunachal Pradesh await results of a survey to ascertain the presence of the elusive snow leopard in the Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve.

  • Snow leopards are native to the┬аalpine regions of Central Asia.
  • The 12 snow-leopard range countries are тАУ Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Russia and Uzbekistan.
  • In India, snow leopards inhabit the┬аhigher Himalayan and trans-Himalayan region at an altitude between 3,000-5,400 metres.
  • Snow leopard states are Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.

Conservation:

  • It is listed as┬атАШVulnerableтАЩ on the IUCN red list of threatened species.
  • It is protected under Schedule I of┬аWildlife Protection Act, 1972
  • Also, it is listed on┬аAppendix I┬аof the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).

Q) With reference to the Direct Benefit Transfer scheme, consider the following statements:

  1. It was started on 1st January, 2019.
  2. Currently it functions under the NITI Aayog.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рд▓рд╛рдн рдЕрдВрддрд░рдг рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ, рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдХрдердиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░реЗрдВ:

  1. рдЗрд╕реЗ 1 рдЬрдирд╡рд░реА, 2019 рдХреЛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
  2. рд╡рд░реНрддрдорд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╣ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдЖрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХреМрди рд╕рд╛/рд╕реЗ рдХрдерди рд╕рд╣реА рд╣реИ/рд╣реИрдВ?

  1. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 1
  2. рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 2
  3. рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ 1 рдФрд░ 2
  4. рди рддреЛ 1 рдФрд░ рди рд╣реА 2

Explanation :

IMF terms India’s Direct Benefit Transfer scheme, as a ‘logistical marvel’.

  • The aim of DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) is to transfer the benefits and subsidies of various social welfare schemes directly in the bank account of the beneficiary on time by bringing efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and also to eliminate the intermediary body.
  • It was started on 1st January, 2013.
  • It was created in the Planning Commission to act as the nodal point for the implementation of the DBT programmes.
  • The Mission was transferred to the Department of Expenditure in July, 2013 and continue to function till 14.9.2015.
  • To give more impetus, DBT Mission and matters related thereto has been placed in Cabinet Secretariat under Secretary (Co-ordination & PG) w.e.f. 14.9.2015.
  • According to the government data, more than Rs 24.8 lakh crore has been transferred through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) mode since 2013.

Q) Living Planet Report 2022 is published biennially by:

  1. Centre for Science and Environment
  2. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
  3. United Nations Environment Programme
  4. Earth justice

рд▓рд┐рд╡рд┐рдВрдЧ рдкреНрд▓реИрдиреЗрдЯ рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ 2022 рджреНрд╡рд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд╖рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ:

  1. рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдФрд░ рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдХреЗрдВрджреНрд░
  2. рд╡рд░реНрд▓реНрдб рд╡рд╛рдЗрдб рдлрдВрдб рдлреЙрд░ рдиреЗрдЪрд░ (WWF)
  3. рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░ рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо
  4. рдкреГрдереНрд╡реА рдиреНрдпрд╛рдп

Explanation :

According to Living Planet Report 2022, Wildlife populations decline by 69% in 50 years.

  • The highest decline (94 per cent) was in the Latin America and the Caribbean region.
  • Africa recorded a 66 per cent fall in its wildlife populations from 1970-2018 and the Asia Pacific 55 per cent.
  • Freshwater species populations globally reduced by 83 per cent. Habitat loss and barriers to migration routes were responsible for about half of the threats to monitored migratory fish species.
  • It identified┬аsix key threats to biodiversity тАФ agriculture, hunting, logging, pollution, invasive species and climate change тАФ to highlight тАШthreat hotspots’ for terrestrial vertebrates.
  • Mangroves continue to be lost to aquaculture, agriculture and coastal development at a rate of 0.13 per cent per year.
  • Around 137 square kilometres of the Sundarbans mangrove forest in India and Bangladesh has been eroded since 1985.

Living Planet Report:

  • It is published biennially by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
  • It is a comprehensive study of trends in global biodiversity and the health of the planet.
  • The Living Planet Report 2022 is the 14th edition of the report.

Mains Practice Question:

Q) Do you agree with the view that тАЬCollegium system requires reconsiderationтАЭ ?(150 words)

рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдк рдЗрд╕ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╣рдордд рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐ “рдХреЙрд▓реЗрдЬрд┐рдпрдо рдкреНрд░рдгрд╛рд▓реА рдкрд░ рдкреБрдирд░реНрд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ”? (150 рд╢рдмреНрдж)

The Hindu Newspaper Analysis 18 October 2022

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