Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs): Working Mechanism, Application and Advantages

Context: A research team at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) has developed a super-fast charging sodium-ion battery (SIB).

What are Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs)?

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are rechargeable batteries that function similarly to lithium-ion batteries but use sodium ions (Na⁺) instead of lithium ions (Li⁺) to store and transfer energy.

Working Mechanism

• During Discharge: Sodium ions move from the anode (negative electrode) to the cathode (positive electrode), which accepts the ions and undergoes a reduction reaction.
• Role of Electrolyte: An electrolyte acts as a conductor, allowing the movement of sodium ions and creating a potential difference that drives the electric current.
• During Recharge: The process reverses, and sodium ions migrate back to the anode from the cathode.

Application Of Sodium-ion Battery

• Solar Energy Storage System
• Home Energy Storage System
• Low-Cost Electric Vehicle
• Electric boat

Advantages of SIBs over Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)

• Cost Efficiency: SIBs are potentially 15–20% cheaper than LIBs due to the lower cost of sodium compounds.
• Availability: Uses sodium, which is cheaper and more abundant than lithium, particularly beneficial for India.
• Temperature Tolerance: SIBs operate efficiently across a wider range of temperatures, suitable for deployment in regions with extreme climate variations.
• Enhanced Safety: Unlike LIBs, SIBs can be shipped in a fully discharged (zero voltage) state, significantly reducing fire hazards and the need for complex safety precautions.

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