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Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025

Nobel Prize in Medicine 2025: Mary E Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi have been honoured with the Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on the human immune system.

piyush Last updated on October 10th, 2025 10:55 am Leave a comment

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Mary E Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi have been honoured with the Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on the human immune system.

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Also, 3 US-based scientists — John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis — have been awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit.

About Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prizes, founded in 1901 in the will of Alfred Nobel, have honoured excellence in science, literature, and peace with economics added later.
Physics — the first category listed in Nobel’s will — remains among the most prestigious.

What is the Discovery Related to the Human Immune System?

Discovery	Scientist(s)	Significance
Existence of Regulatory T cells (Tregs)	Shimon Sakaguchi	These cells, later called regulatory T cells (Tregs), prevent autoimmune reactions by keeping other immune cells in check. Without these “peacekeeping” cells, the immune system can mistakenly attack healthy tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases.
FOXP3 gene	Mary Brunkow & Fred Ramsdell	They traced the cause to a mutation in the FOXP3 gene, which was also responsible for a rare human autoimmune disease called IPEX (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked syndrome). They discovered that FOXP3 is the master gene that controls the development and function of regulatory T cells.
Integration of both findings	All three jointly	Established how the immune system maintains balance — attacking invaders but tolerating self-cells.

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