GLP-1 Drugs: Uses, Genesis and Development

GLP-1 drugs are medications that mimic the glucagon-like peptide-1 hormone to regulate blood sugar levels and appetite. They are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, offering benefits like weight loss and improved metabolic control.

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Context: Lotte Bjerre Knudsen won the Lasker Award for co-inventing GLP-1 drugs, which revolutionised treatment for diabetes and obesity.

What are GLP-1 Drugs?

GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) is a natural hormone (incretin) released after eating.
It helps regulate blood sugar, fat metabolism, and control appetite.
GLP-1 receptor agonists are synthetic drugs that mimic GLP-1, activating similar responses in the body.
Mostly administered through injections, though oral forms are being developed.
Popular GLP-1 drugs include:
- Semaglutide (by Novo Nordisk)
- Tirzepatide (by Eli Lilly)
Both are now available in India and are significantly improving diabetes and obesity treatment.

How Do GLP-1 Drugs Work?

Stimulate insulin release when blood sugar is high.
Inhibit glucagon secretion, lowering liver glucose output.
Slow down gastric emptying, preventing sugar spikes.
Suppress appetite, leading to reduced food intake.
Tirzepatide also mimics the GIP hormone for a dual-action effect.

Genesis and Development

Incretins were first mentioned in 1906, but gained attention post-insulin discovery in 1921.
GLP-1 hormone was isolated in 1986.
Early research in the 1990s showed potential, but the hormone was unstable.
Novo Nordisk developed:
- Liraglutide (daily injectable)
- Semaglutide (weekly dose) offers better weight loss and fewer side effects with dose control.