Electric Vehicles (EVs), Types, Need and Government Initiatives

Table of Contents

Context: India saw 120 per cent growth in electric vehicles (EVs) in the second quarter of 2023, driven by a 400 per cent surge in hybrid vehicles, according to the report by CyberMedia Research (CMR).

What are Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

An electric vehicle (EV) is a type of vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion instead of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE).
EVs can be powered by batteries that are recharged by plugging the vehicle into an electric power source, or they can be powered by a hydrogen fuel cell that converts hydrogen gas into electricity.
Compared to traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, EVs produce fewer emissions and are more energy-efficient, which can potentially save money on fuel and maintenance costs.

Types of Electric Vehicles

There are four types of electric vehicles available:

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV): Fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared to hybrid and plug-in hybrids.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV): The vehicle uses both the internal combustion (usually petrol) engine and the battery-powered motor powertrain. The petrol engine is used both to drive and charge when the battery is empty. These vehicles are not as efficient as fully electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles.
- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV): Uses both an internal combustion engine and a battery charged from an external socket (they have a plug). This means the vehicle’s battery can be charged with electricity rather than the engine. PHEVs are more efficient than HEVs but less efficient than BEVs.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV): Electric energy is produced from chemical energy. For example, a hydrogen FCEV.

Need for Promoting Electric Vehicles in India

Reducing Oil Import Dependency: During FY 2022-23, India’s dependency on oil and oil equivalent gas imports is 78.6 per cent, underscoring the need to promote EVs to curtail this reliance.
Improving Air Quality: Vehicular emission is a major cause of air pollution in urban areas. As EVs produce fewer emissions, they can significantly improve air quality.
- Typically, vehicular emission contributes 20-30% of Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 at the breathing level of air quality.
- At the same time, around 8% of total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in India are from the transport sector, and in Delhi, it exceeds 30%.
- As per the World Air Quality Report 2024, India ranks as the 5th most polluted country, with an average PM 2.5 level of 50.6 µg/m³. 13 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India.
International Commitments: Promoting EVs can aid in fulfilling India’s international commitments under initiatives like Panchamrit, aiming for net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 and a billion-ton reduction in carbon emissions by 2030.

How Electric Vehicles Contribute to Pollution

Tyre Wear and Tear: Due to their greater weight, EVs experience more tyre degradation than conventional vehicles.
- This results in the release of larger quantities of small rubber and plastic particles into the air.
Microplastic and Nanoplastic Emissions: The small particles (often <10 micrometres) stay suspended in the air, adding to air pollution.
- These particles are difficult to settle and can penetrate human lungs, causing health issues.
Primary Fragmentation from Heavier Loads: EVs undergo more “primary fragmentation” due to frequent braking, sudden acceleration, and bad road encounters.
- This process generates smaller, airborne particles, which are more harmful than larger ones.
Speed and Acceleration Factor: EVs accelerate faster, leading to more friction and heat on tyres.
- This increases the rate of particle generation and air pollutant concentration.
Global Scale of Impact: As EV adoption rises globally, these non-exhaust emissions will become a significant source of pollution.
- In countries like India and China, rapid EV expansion could intensify this issue.
Regulatory Gaps and Challenges: Current air quality norms often regulate only 5 and PM10.
- Tyre micro-particles are smaller and go unregulated, making it necessary to revise air quality standards.

Suggested Responses

Expand air quality regulations to include tyre-related microplastic particles.
Encourage R&D for stronger, EV-compatible tyres.
Consider tech solutions to capture tyre particles at the source.
Update emission standards to include non-exhaust pollutants like tyre and brake wear.

Government Initiatives to Promote Electric Vehicles

E-Amrit Portal: India launched the E-Amrit portal (at the COP26 Summit in Glasgow) as a one-stop destination for all information on electric vehicles.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020: Launched by the Department of Heavy Industry in 2012, it aims at promoting hybrid and electric vehicles.
- It sets out the target to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid and electric vehicles year on year from 2020 onwards by providing fiscal incentives.
FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles) Scheme: It was launched in April 2015 under the NEMMP to encourage electric and hybrid vehicle purchase by providing financial support.
- Its first phase ran for four years until 2019.
- The second phase (FAME II) is a 3-year subsidy programme. It aims to support the electrification of public and shared transportation.
- The programme also finances charging infrastructure.
GST restructuring: GST on electric vehicles has been reduced from 12% to 5%; GST on chargers/ charging stations for electric vehicles has been reduced from 18% to 5% by the GST Council.
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme:
- For the manufacturing of Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) in the country to bring down the prices of batteries in the country.
- Auto and Auto component PLI Scheme, hydrogen fuel cell-based vehicles, which are Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are covered under this.
Guidelines for EV charging infrastructure: The Ministry of Power has issued the revised consolidated Guidelines & Standards for charging infrastructure for Electric Vehicles.
- The guidelines allow entities or individuals to create charging stations without the need for a license. However, they should meet certain technical and safety standards.
- The guidelines allow users to charge their electric vehicles in their respective offices and homes.
- The guidelines have introduced a revenue-sharing model for using land. Government lands will be provided to entities interested in installing charging infrastructure.
- The Bureau of Energy Efficiency will create an online database of public charging stations.
- The guidelines include an action plan for nine major cities. They are Chennai, Pune, Surat, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Delhi.
Green license plates: The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) announced that battery-operated vehicles will be given green license plates and be exempted from permit requirements.
Model Building Bylaws 2016: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development amended the law to establish charging stations and infrastructure in private and commercial buildings.
Several states (including Delhi, UP, MP, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, etc.) have notified their EV policies aimed at promoting manufacturing and increasing demand for electric vehicles in their respective states.
ISRO has commercialised the indigenously developed lithium-ion battery technology and has selected 14 companies for the transfer of technology.

Challenges for Electric Vehicles Industry in India

Consumer Deterrents: Consumers are discouraged from adopting EVs due to concerns about limited driving range, safety, uncertain resale value, lack of widespread charging infrastructure, unreliable electricity supply, and the price gap between EVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
Inadequate Charging Infrastructure: The establishment of charging stations is hindered by low utilisation rates, high operational costs, concerns about overloading electricity DISCOMs, and other factors, creating a disincentive for charging station operators.
Battery Technology Limitations: The battery technology used in EVs is still evolving, and the cost of the battery is a significant factor in the overall cost of an EV.
- Moreover, the availability of rare earth metals and other raw materials required for the production of batteries is limited.
Limited Manufacturing Capacities: India is heavily dependent on imports in the EV sector, such as rechargeable batteries, equipment, etc.
Lack of Scrapping Policy: End-of-life disposal of EVs is a concern due to the presence of high-voltage components that can harm the environment if not properly managed.
Shortage of Skilled Workforce: EVs have unique components and systems, such as batteries, electric motors, etc., that require specialised training and expertise to repair and service.
Cyber Security and Privacy Concerns: The interconnectedness of EVs and personal devices introduces potential threats such as mobile malware, phishing attacks, and data breaches.

Way Forward

Public charging stations: As EV adoption surges, an extensive public charging network is vital to meet growing power demand.
- An effective solution is repurposing gas stations into hybrid charging stations for EVs.
Use of renewable energy sources: Incorporating renewables into EV charging boosts economic and environmental sustainability.
- India’s climate advantage can harness solar power to meet rising demands without overburdening the existing power grid.
Development of fast charging technologies: To enhance the viability of EVs for long-distance travel, the development of fast-charging infrastructure is crucial.
- Fast-charging stations, capable of delivering high-voltage charging, significantly reduce charging time, alleviating range anxiety for EV owners.
Innovative Payment Solutions: To encourage EV adoption, it is essential to provide convenient and user-friendly payment systems for charging services.
- Additionally, transparent pricing models and subscription-based plans can provide incentives for EV owners to opt for public charging infrastructure.
Widespread consumer awareness: Organising public events in the form of educational campaigns, rides, and drives can have a transformative impact.

Parliamentary Committee on Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy

A Parliamentary Committee on Estimates presented a report titled ‘Evaluation of Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy’, has suggested the following measures:

National Policy on EVs: The report said, although transport is a state subject and some states have formulated their own EV policies, a “strong National Policy framework on EVs” needs to be formulated.
Reducing Initial Costs: Lowering upfront expenses by increasing subsidies on electric four-wheelers, encouraging states to exempt road tax, and further reducing GST on EVs.
Promotion of Diverse Technologies: Promoting a variety of technologies alongside EVs, such as flex fuel vehicles, hydrogen ICE, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, with a stronger focus.
Extending FAME-II: Extending the FAME-II scheme by two years beyond its current deadline of March 31, 2024, and introducing a comprehensive FAME-III scheme based on lessons learned.
Consumer Trust: Establishing safety standards and offering battery life guarantees to build consumer confidence.
Skill Development: Creating specialised EV courses in ITIs, Industrial Training Centres, and Skill Development Centres.
Battery Reuse and Disposal: Implementing a proper plan for battery disposal and establishing dedicated recycling facilities to ensure a sustainable EV ecosystem.
Lithium Extraction Acceleration: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified significant Lithium inferred resources in the Salal-Haimana area of Jammu & Kashmir, indicating the need to expedite extraction efforts.